From The Anatomy of Fascism (2004) by Robert O. Paxton
mobilizing passions (pp. 219-20):
⦁ a sense of overwhelming crisis beyond the reach of any traditional solutions
"Our convention occurs at a moment of crisis for our nation.”1
“We're gathered together in the heart of our nation's capital for one very, very basic and simple reason: To save our democracy. ... We want to go back and we want to get this right because we're going to have somebody in there that should not be in there and our country will be destroyed and we're not going to stand for that. ... This is not just a matter of domestic politics — this is a matter of national security.”2
‘But it’s not a natural disaster that [Stewart]Rhodes thinks will catapult the country into chaos. In his email announcing the launch of the plan, Rhodes lays out the course of action he predicts “the enemy”—the government—is preparing to follow, including “intentionally triggering a catastrophic economic collapse” as a means of creating disorder that they will then use as an excuse to impose martial law, destroy the constitution and use the billions of dollars in ammunition, armored vehicles and weapons he claims the Department of Homeland Security and local police have been stockpiling “to control and contain us.” “We’re headed for a Weimar Republic-style collapse,” he said. “And Americans are foolish to ignore it.”’4
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⦁ the primacy of the group, toward which one has duties superior to every right, whether individual or universal, and the subordination of the individual to it
‘In deciding to attend the December 12 rally, Greene testified that he and other members, including Pezzola, were “ready and willing” to be a part of whatever might happen. ‘3
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⦁ the belief that one’s group is a victim, a sentiment that justifies any action, without legal or moral limits, against its enemies, both internal and external
‘[Trump’s] delivery was not presidential, rather it was harsh and indignant. It resonated with resentful Trump supporters who feel they are the victims of an America that has left them behind.‘1
“But it almost seems that they're all going out of their way to hurt all of us and to hurt our country.”2
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⦁ dread of the group’s decline under the corrosive effects of individualistic liberalism, class conflict, and alien influences
‘... Chapman was kicked out three years ago, he attempted to gain control of the group in the fall of 2020 and steer the Proud Boys toward more open extremism, announcing, “We will no longer cuck to the left by appointing token negroes as our leaders. We will no longer allow homosexuals or other ‘undesirables’ into our ranks. We will confront the Zionist criminals who wish to destroy our civilization. We recognize that the West was built by the White Race alone and we owe nothing to any other race.”’5
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⦁ the need for closer integration of a purer community, by consent if possible, or by exclusionary violence if necessary
“The Proud Boys vocally promoted themselves as violent actors, even in their initiation process,” says one former FBI agent. “It’s unusual for any kind of organization to publicly state its intent to break the law.”5
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⦁ the need for authority by natural chiefs (always male), culminating in a national chieftain who alone is capable of incarnating the group’s historical destiny
"I am your voice," Republican nominee Donald J. Trump told convention delegates in Cleveland as he accepted his party's nomination in a speech filled with anger but lacking soaring rhetoric. Trump railed against a rigged system. "No one knows the system better than me," he said pausing to smile, "which is why I alone can fix it." 1
‘When asked to denounce the Proud Boys, Trump first said he didn’t know who they were, then said, “Proud Boys, stand back and stand by.” ‘5
‘Bertino said interest and membership requests for the Proud Boys surged after then-President Donald Trump addressed the group by name during a 2020 presidential debate.’6
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⦁ the superiority of the leader’s instincts over abstract and universal reason
“The attacks on our police, and terrorism in our cities, threaten our way of life." He promised, "the crime and violence that today afflicts our nation will soon, very soon, come to an end. Beginning on January 20 (Inauguration Day), safety will be restored." He continued, "We will make America strong again. We will make America proud again. We will make America Safe again. We will make America great again!"2
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⦁ the beauty of violence and the efficacy of will, when they are devoted to the group’s success
‘[Matthew]Greene said that he and Pezzola had talked about how “the typical things that had been going on to redress our grievances [with government] were ineffective and were not working.”
“Based on the events that I had seen over the summer and over the past few years, violence seemed to be getting a response,” Greene said. when people acted in violence people did not back down, did not say you were going too far,” Greene said of Proud Boys leadership. “If anything, it was celebrated.” ’3
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⦁ the right of the chosen people to dominate others without restraint from any kind of human or divine law, right being decided by the sole criterion of the group’s prowess within a Darwinian struggle
“Because you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated, lawfully slated.” “We will not be intimidated into accepting the hoaxes and the lies that we've been forced to believe. ... The radical left knows exactly what they're doing. They're ruthless and it's time that somebody did something about it. ... The Constitution doesn't allow me to send them back to the States. Well, I say, yes it does, because the Constitution says you have to protect our country and you have to protect our Constitution, and you can't vote on fraud. And fraud breaks up everything, doesn't it? When you catch somebody in a fraud, you're allowed to go by very different rules.”2
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1 Huffpost, 07/22/2016, on the Republican national convention
2 Donald Trump, 01/06/2021
3 Hannah Rabinowitz and Holmes Lybrand, ”Proud Boys member testifies about group’s culture....”, CNN, Jan. 24, 2023
4 ”Oath Keepers: Bring on the Collapse!,” Caitlin Dickson, Daily Beast, July 11, 2017
5 EJ Dickson, ”The Rise and Fall of the Proud Boys,” Rolling Stone, Jun 15, 2021
6 Quin Owen, “Proud Boys saw surge in membership after Trump's debate message...”, ABC News, Feb. 21, 2023