Definition 2 - Macro-racism, structural
- Systemic opportunity-hindering
- Systemic punishment-targeting
The two most notable ways that structural racism occurs is often combined with personal racism on a micro-level but the ways this happens is much more to do with how a society is structured and how you can pass off what is happening as something the race brought on themselves.
Let's say in you particular society, that a certain race is poor due to slavery in the past leading to 0 inheritance for them. Then, what you do, is intentionally design the systems of selecting students, employees etc as brutally harsh on the opportunities that race has the least, which is even justifiable at first due to concerns of competency, except what you do is leave them no option. You don't let them able to gain apprenticeships, you don't offer scholarships, you don't have anything where the relatively motivated and high-achieving among them can escape the lack of opportunities they have. On top of that, often there really will be racism amongst the hirers and selectors not just out of malice but ignorance as they hold a ridiculous opinion that laziness and low achievement is 'inherited' as opposed to environmental.
Affirmative action alone doesn't fix this, however it's often a necessary start. What you really need to do is structure the society to be more caring to those struggling within it, which has nothing to do with race of course, then all who are poor or particularly held back can begin to at least cope. Finally, you need scholarships and programs like apprenticeships to offer those who really want to prove themselves to 'climb out' of what would otherwise be inescapable lack of opportunity in life. There of course is a fourth element, which is more difficult for any authority itself to achieve; you need attitudes and prejudice within selectors/employers to dissipate. That takes society itself and many campaigns against racism and for equality to achieve.
The punishment targeting has many layers to it. Firstly, it's how often and harshly cops will preemptively stop-and-search, act on suspicion, harshly interrogate etc. If you notice in your system that on top of there being a lot of poverty and ghetto-isolation issues leading to a group being more consistently driven to crime, that the law enforcement itself keeps targetting them harsher for crimes, you then at least need to look into sentencing and jury bias. What you may find is that the issue is not entirely law-enforcement based actively (though it often is) as it is passively. What I mean is that you will often find a level of mercy and decency given when arresting, interrogating and sentencing a person of the majority-race that simply is withheld/absent when dealing with people of any minority races that have for whatever reason been seen as problematic by the racists within the system. The passive format of racism often extends even to in-prison life and the way society treats them when they've come out. There is often a deep bias and hatred towards offenders of the minority-race with an idea 'they're bound to do it again, what else is there to expect' whereas with offenders of the majority-race there is much more of a 'hmm, maybe they're worth a chance' mentality. If you notice these passive-racist formats, what has to happen is again much more along the lines of a campaigns and society-shifting, however there are indeed ways to measure with sentences and frequency of stop-and-search if there is inherent bias and severity. A good start would be for high ranks within law enforcement to reguarly be viewing interrogations and advising any cops they notice are unjustifiably taking a more 'bad cop' approach with a certain race than another.
Judges who can be noticed on their records to consistently give longer sentences, less bail time etc to a certain race need to be dealt with the harshest, they are a serious problem for the system as often the very way they handle 'objections' and speaking times etc within the trial favours the prosecution (if the defendant is of that race) or hinders the prosecution (if the alleged victim is of that race). These people are huge issues because they then enable the statistics that justify further racism against that race in frequency of incarceration, longer sentences etc.
