[AMA Thread] Shelly Kagan, Professor of Philosophy

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Shelly Kagan is a Professor of Philosophy at Yale University. He is best known for his writings about moral philosophy and normative ethics. In 2007, Kagan's course about death was offered for free online. This led to him publishing a book on the subject in 2012. Kagan was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2016. His lectures on death can be found here.

Kagan has generously offered to answer questions and to have his answers displayed publicly. Please be considerate and try not to ask surface-level questions that could be answered with a single google search.

I will stop accepting responses in 48 hours on April 30, 2024 at 5:20pm CST. When Kagan responds, I will post a follow-up thread with his answers.
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Any questions?
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@Savant
can you link me to his work on death?
WyIted
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I found his course on death. I just don't have time to watch it in 48 hours bro. Like wtf
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Here is the course on death. Anyone want to split up watching it so it can be appropriately argued against in the short amount of time we have?

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEA18FAF1AD9047B0&si=lQYgZxToVHwsSe6V
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@WyIted
If you need more time I can give it to you, but I would just focus on one subject or look up a summary online.
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Question 1.

Why is the comments on his lectures disabled?

It seems like it isn't conducive to discussing the material in the location people will congregate to watching his material
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@WyIted
I think that's up to the university, not him.
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@Savant
No his lectures are titled, I will skip to the relevant ones. 
WyIted
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Fair enough don't ask about the comments being turned off, but it does go against the principles of the socratic method to turn off comments.
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@Savant
This is my question:

In your opinion, what moral value should take greater priority: preventing pain or saving lives or realizing most important goals and desires of most people?
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@Savant
I am going to submit an essay to him. Can you have him read it and give me feedback?

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@WyIted
Sure!
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what is it his favorite color 
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@Savant
What are the strongest arguments against the existence of a soul?
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@Savant

My question is, doesn't general anesthetic prove that there is no soul and show that consciousness is solely dependent on the functioning of the brain?
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@Savant
Do you believe that the p-zombie thought experiment has any plausibility to it?

If so, then what separates a zombie from a non-zombie is metaphysical, since both have the same bodily equipment that, to our knowledge, enables consciousness, yet one lacks a "true first person perspective" anyway. If you and I are beings who exist on a metaphysical plane, then how is this distinguishable from having a soul?
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@Savant
You said 2 days so I just hobbled some of my writing together. Please read the next 5 or 6 posts.



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Nearly all of us fear death. Many are in denial of this fear. Terror management theory explains how we psychologically adapt to the existential threat of death, which we become aware of long before anyone cares to admit. https://www.ernestbecker.org/terror-management-theory

To deal with this existential threat people will develop certain increased self esteem, cultural worldviews and striving. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1088868309352321  . In listening to your lecture on the fear of death, you seemed to say that fearing death makes no sense, if you know it is coming and you know it is certain, and you know the magnitude of the event. This is simply false. Not only because the result is the repression, not the elimination of fear, but also because it's simply not true that death is inevitable.

The existential terror of death is not something that can be easily dealt with, nor should it be. I will go over the coping mechanisms used and why the solution I propose is not a cope, but in fact the solution for death.

## Pain of Death

There is a common misconception I run into, where people seem to think those afraid of death or dying, are scared because they believe it to be painful. I find this odd.

I don't think these people are saying this because they lack a fear of death. They say it because they are coping, and have repressed their own fears. I say they are coping because I don't want to believe they are so stupid that they just don't grasp the concept of death.

Pain sucks. Pain is bad. Some people will try to escape pain through death. However it isn't the pain that is feared, especially when we consider the positivity bias. Most people likely think their death will be painless and yet fear it anyway.

The real fear people have is of non existence. The ceasing to exist is what gets us. We want to live and even though most of us realize that living is about pain management and that sometimes pain can be so unbearable that we seek death, Nobody wants to seize existing unless they have developed a cope where they believe death is like falling asleep or like being in darkness or unless they believe in an afterlife.

Now this isn't to say that death copes are inherently bad. They are bad if they cause us to forsake happiness in this life for an eternal bliss in the next. . I also believe that there are some people who take use death copes to do horrible crimes, for example how John List thought he was sparing his life pain and sending them to heaven. He allowed his death cope to be so believable that he actually thought he was helping his family.


## Death Copes

There is a myriad of death copes but they can mostly be narrowed down to 4 things, and they are copes used by almost everyone.

  • 1. Immortality through religion
  • 2. immortality through genetics
  • 3. immortality through becoming a historical figure
  • 4. immortality through the fountain of youth

### 1. Immortality through religion

This is a cope that if you follow God close enough, or that if you are a good enough person than you will have an afterlife. While God may be real or your religion true, it is for most people just a cope to deal with the inevitability of death and ease their existential dread.

### 2. Immortality through genetics

Many people think they can escape death through creating children. That some piece of them will survive in their children and that they will live forever through them. Most people with an urge to create children are expressing this coping mechanism.

### 3. Immortality through becoming famous

Many try to achieve immortality by living on forever in the minds of others. Very few realize that they are dead whether people know who they are or not.


### 4. Immortality through the fountain of youth


While the radical life extension people get it right (more on them later), there is a large group who chases the philosophers stone, or the fountain of youth. Like many of the religious folks they seek a magical fix for their problem and while radical life extension people may fall into this category, it isn't necessarily so. Many just think of death as unethical and would readily give their life to preserve the lives of others, even knowing that death is permanent.

---------------------------

All of these copes are bad, because they get in the way of actually solving for death. You essentially have two options once you come to accept death as inevitable. You can either lay down and die, but have a blast in the mean time with unbridled hedonism or you can fight the heroic battle and save some lives.




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## Death is Bad
 

Death is to be avoided because of the fact we cease to exist should we die, and fear of death is good because it helps us to have a sense of self preservation, and may help us to overcome death. 

Some will argue that death is good. That it helps us to avoid some naturally bad things such as overpopulation. They will also tell you that we should not fear death and give various arguments for this, most famously by lucretius and by epicurus.  

Some of this is just a way to cope with death. Some of it is legitimate criticism and fear for a society where some individuals have access to life extension technologies, while others don't.  
I agree with Aubrey DeGrey when he says that it is just as unethical to prevent cancer if we have a cure as to prevent another fatal disease (aging) should we also have a cure. https://www.ted.com/talks/aubrey_de_grey_a_roadmap_to_end_aging

I can imagine the outrage if somebody were to argue that we should not cure aids because it helps curb overpopulation. So why don't we get offended  when people say the same about aging?
It is my belief that we don't  because we fear death so much that we are almost in denial that we will die. We cope with the inevitable by pretending we want it.

It is like in this study where somebody makes a piece of IKEA furniture or is offered a more expensive furniture to trade it for,when they are done building it. Most people deny the more expensive furniture because if the prior investment. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/11-091.pdf

  This is why you will hear people proclaim. "Death is good and we should welcome it". They have fooled themselves thinking it is better merely because it was unavoidable, however now that avoiding it is within grasp, this psychological coping mechanism will prevent us from achieving it sooner.

  Everyday that passes more people die from aging. With the prevention of it possible in our lifetimes every man woman and child on the planet should be working on it's arrival.  Just like how Americans came together during world war 1 and 2. Everybody was a part of that war movement because winning those wars was the most important thing on the planet at that time.

  I heard it said by Ayn Rand who got it from somebody else. That when she dies the world will end. This is true. As far as any of us know we seize to exist upon death. As leo tolstoy talked about. Life gives meaning. Like the age old question, if a tree falls in the woods and nobody is around to hear it, does it make a sound? 

  Our existence gives meaning to life. If nobody is around to enjoy the apple from a tree, than the apple serves no purpose.  Beyond that, if we die than what we have done is for nothing. There are two solutions for this, and I believe both to be important. Though some just choose the first. 

  First. The only thing that matters is this moment. Enjoy it to the best of your ability. Make this moment count. However, once the moment has passed, it no longer matters. The only way to make any of this matter is to achieve immortality.  

  That is mainly why we should pursue it. So our entire lives are not pointless. However before we pursue it, we should deal with whether we can even create for ourselves an indefinite lifespan at all.

## Common Objections to Radical Life extension

The most common arguments against preventing people from dying earlier than necessary is the following; 
 
1. If people die less than there will be overpopulation 
 
For this to be a good argument, you have to assume that people will just stop dying from other ways or that this will always be a problem and never solvable. Hell, even if we took the Logan’s run approach and just killed everybody once they hit 150, it would still be an improvement on the status quo, where most of us are dead by 80. 
 
I certainly would not advocate for the Logan’s run solution. If we take into account the mortality rate, of people from dying of non age related diseases, and do the math the average lifespan would be about 1200 years. [5] This is assuming that people just don’t feel like they are done at earlier ages like at the 200 or 500 year marker. So we won’t just be filling up the world indefinitely. 
 
In 1968 the book “The Population Bomb”, made similar over crowding predictions as my opponent is likely to make. It predicted mass famine would occur in first world countries, that we would no longer be able to sustain a growing population. It failed to take into account that we would see progress in food production, transportation and in other industries that pushed back those predictions and will continue to do so as technology advances. With advances in global standard of living, we will also see a reduction in reproduction. Industrialized nations see a reduced amount of reproduction.[6] Population Alarmists are misguided. 
 
2. We Would Get bored 
 
I disagree, and life is fun. It would take thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years to run out of novel things to try. I could think of about 200 things I could take an entire year exploring off the top of my head, this excludes things that would be fun that take considerably less or more time to explore 
 
3. Only the Rich would benefit 
 
I think this is silly as well. When a technology first comes out, it is xpensive, like the computer, which got a man to the moon. Now we have the same computer power, within our cellphones.[7] 
 
4. Society would stagnate 
 
This is hard to get behind when you see what people did late in life. Such as Beethoven late in life, or colonel Sanders with his 13 original herbs and spices, or John Glenn's space flight at 77.[8] 
 
sources 
 
[1] [https://www.debateart.com/debates/1719/radical-life-extension-is-more-likely-than-not-in-our-lifetime](https://www.debateart.com/debates/1719/radical-life-extension-is-more-likely-than-not-in-our-lifetime)[2] [https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2005/9/report_kurzweil](https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2005/9/report_kurzweil)[3] [https://singularityhub.com/2016/02/14/denying-death-is-radically-longer-life-good-for-society/](https://singularityhub.com/2016/02/14/denying-death-is-radically-longer-life-good-for-society/)[4] [https://www.aish.com/atr/120-Year-Lifespan.html](https://www.aish.com/atr/120-Year-Lifespan.html)[5] [http://www.senescence.info/immortal_society.html](http://www.senescence.info/immortal_society.html)[6] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255510/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255510/)[7] [http://theconversation.com/would-your-mobile-phone-be-powerful-enough-to-get-you-to-the-moon-115933](https://theconversation.com/would-your-mobile-phone-be-powerful-enough-to-get-you-to-the-moon-115933)



## We Can live forever

Imagine living in a time where people get around on horseback. a place where there is no refrigeration, you just keep your food in a cool cellar.  For comfort you don't have TV or radio, you have a book and the more your read it by candlelight when nightfall comes, the more your eyesight weakens. This isn't as far back as you may think. There was a gentleman who watched Abraham Lincoln die in 1865. There was a guy like that who does have an interview you can watch in 1956. His name was [Samuel J. Seymore. [14]](https://www.businessinsider.com/interview-with-the-last-living-witness-of-the-lincoln-assassination-2019-7)

This man was born into the world described. He went from living in a world where people got around on horseback, to one where people took trips on planes, A place where a family was lucky to have electricity to a world where nearly every man woman and child had access to a television. He went from salting meats to eat later, to constantly having fresh refrigerated food on hand.

The world they live in today, will be as alien to to our kids as the 1960s was to Mr. Seymore. These changes happened to Seymore in a slow gradual way, and only looking back does this technological advancement look fast. It's the same for me at 40. All the changes came slow from tapes, to CD's to MP3's and then the slow transition to just listening to music on my phone. It's only looking back that I can see how alien the world has become, and you too will have this experience.

The whole point of relaying that information to you is to show you that these slow gradual changes really add up and some changes look miraculous if you were to just jump your life 20 years, but are mundane when you experience it as it happens. Slow increases in life expectancy won't be noticed as you experience them, and then one day you are looking at your mother who is now celebrating her 500 year birthday and maybe you will pause to think.... "How the fuck did this happen?".

Life expectancy is currently about [80 years old. [1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy)  People watching Mr. Seymore on television in the 1950s explaining that he saw  Lincoln shot in the head, would be dumbfounded at the alien world he lived in. The people watching that show had a [life expectancy of 40 years old. [1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) The doubling of life expectancy between their time and ours had to be a welcome surprise. Had some health conscious person debated them saying he would live to be 100 many of those people would tell him, he was crazy. 

To achieve  life extension to get us from 80  to allowing us to live to 200, we don’t need a big leap in technology.  Baby steps are good enough. The currently we are progressing on average of adding 3 months of lifespan for [every year we are alive. [2]](https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/) In order to reach escape velocity, all we need to do is add one year of life, for every single year we are alive.



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### The Law of Accelerating Returns

Earlier we learned from Mr. Seymore that technology can move in the blink of an eye but it is often not noticed until we look back. When we look at the years 1650 to 1750, it was almost exactly the same. It was like that throughout most of earths history. mostly 100 or 1000 years of time sometimes 10,000 years of time where the beginning and end of the time period was indistinguishable. If we go back to the 1850s and then to the 1950s, not to dissimilar to what Mr. Seymore did, the world looks completely different over that span of time. The same sort of jump happened between the 1950s and 2000s. The technological advancements are not just happening rapidly, the rate of progress is also accelerating. We call this  "The law of Accelerating Returns".

Ray Kurzweil the originator of the law of accelerating return  says;

“An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common-sense “intuitive linear” view. So we won’t experience 100 years of progress in the 21st century — it will be more like 20,000 years of progress (at today’s rate). The “returns,” such as chip speed and cost-effectiveness, also increase exponentially. There’s even exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth. Within a few decades, machine intelligence will surpass human intelligence, [leading to The Singularity”[3]](https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns)

He goes onto showing us an example of this in our recent past. The human genome project started in 1990, and critics pointed out that at their pace and with technology what it is, it might take 1000 years to finish the project, less than 5% of the project was complete by year 5, but the 15 year project ended up being completed 1 year ahead of schedule.

**Predictable advances in technology**

Kurzweil used his law of accelerating returns to make several startling predictions on the advancement of technology that came true. Of the 147 predictions he made since the 1990s 127 of them have been correct. 12 of those were off by a year or 2 though. This gives him close to a 90% accuracy rate, showing that the law of accelerating returns is a reliable predictor of what the [future will look like. [4]](https://www.diamandis.com/blog/86-accuracy-rate-in-tech-predictions)


1. We will mostly use portable computers by this time

2. Personal computers will be available on clothing such as watches

3. Cloud computing will be common-sense

4. Predicted Google Glasses

Kurzweil as late as 2016 has predicted that within the next 10-15 years, we will see our life expectancy increase by 1 year for every year that passes, putting us at [escape velocity.[5](https://www.therecord.com/news-story/6552546--radical-life-extension-coming-futurist-says/)] He uses some current technologies to prove this. . He does not refer to unknown technologies, but known technologies and what they will be capable of when they are predictably improved at the predictable rate.

For example in the 2020, he says 3d printing will be advanced enough to start to replicate human

organs. By the 2030s we will have computers the size of human bloodcells, which can repair cellular damage or deliver drugs. Some companies are already working on this. If we look back to earlier in this round I mentioned one strategy for extending lifespan being cellular repair because of cells damaged by the aging progress.

If Kurzweils predictions hold true and let's remember they are 90% true than we should reach escape velocity by 2030. I have affirmed the resolution that I will most likely be alive to see us reach escape velocity, if he is a little off and escape velocity is reached by 2040, I should still most likely live to see 200 years old.

Those who bet against technology, typically lose.


### Conclusion

Death is bad, Death is avoidable.

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@Savant
Finished, please get his feedback on that
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@WyIted

I have upgraded my estimate of your IQ from 130 to 165.
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@FLRW
I like you more each time you upgrade my IQ
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@Savant
I sent you a markdown file on discord so it would be easier to send it to professor Kagan
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@Savant
You said he was well known for moral philosophy, so my question is:

“Do you believe that it is possible for there to be a universal set of ethics, a right and wrong without god existing, and if so, what would do you think it might look like?”
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@Savant
Also: 

“Of the three main schools of western moral Philosophy, which do you like the most?”
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This did not go as well as the last one. Hopefully less questions means more thorough responses