Does Racism Affect the US in a Major Way

I would first like to thank my opponent for being willing to take this debate. To start racism is a broad concept, and it is a possibility that my opponent and I will defer on definitions throughout the debate, which often happens in behavioral science topics. I will start by giving Cornell’s definition of racism, which states that it is the incitation of discrimination, hatred or violence towards a person or a group of persons because of their origin or their belonging, or not belonging, to a specific ethnic group or race (Cornell). Similar to this the term interpersonal racism often involves slurs or hateful actions between individuals.  Another term that is important when viewing racism is individual racism which is an embodiment of the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that “support or perpetuate racism in conscious and unconscious ways (Cornell). In addition to this it is important to note that terms such as institutional racism affects our society today and is defined as the process by which racial oppression is imposed on subordinate racial groups by dominant racial groups through institutional channels (California State University Northridge).

Racism is a major issues and effects minorities today and depending on the metric has either gotten worse or stayed the same in most cases over the past ten years. There are many ways that I could state racism being a major issue that hurts minorities on a significant level, but I will stick with a few points to keep things simple and then I may add more later. 

It should be no secret that DEI was made so “that equitable employers could create a diverse and inclusive workplace where employees could share unique perspectives, respect one another’s individual needs, and reach their full potential without barriers.” (St. Buenaventura).  Serious implications are made due to Trump recently getting rid of DEI (Ostrager, 2025). Workplace treatments of minorities haven’t been the best in general but seem to have gotten even worse since Trump took office for his first term (Rice et., al 2024). This is unsurprising because his behavior often seems to embolden racist individuals, which will be shown throughout this debate. A great example this research study makes is how he refused to denounce a former KKK members support (Rice et., al 2024). This has spilled over into the workplace to show that openly Trump supporting managers, create a more difficult environment for African Americans to thrive at work, through survey research performed on minorities in the workplace (Rice et., al 2024). Unique struggles mentioned in the article deal with certain managers not understanding certain issues that are unique to African Americans, Leadership style towards minorities, and uncomfortable views made known to them at work. (Prejudice views) (Rice et., al 2024). 

Hiring rates produce the same negative results over time, which is credited to many different hiring agencies. To start with hiring, white individuals are 50% more likely to get a call back than individuals who are black (Chicago booth review). A Meta analysis of 90 studies from 1985-2019 have stayed the same between 6 different countries with the U.S. being one of them (Quillian & Le, 2023). This debate focuses on the U.S. only, so from here I will focus the remaining results on the U.S. When factoring for race in the U.S. discriminatory levels in the U.S. have remained the same, except for the studies inability to predict Asian and Latin Americans (Quillian & Le, 2023). In addition, there was a spike in discriminatory hiring practices with Muslims throughout this study (Quillian & Le, 2023).  

The prison rates for most minorities are disproportionate especially for black people. Other ethnic groups that are incarcerated at a higher rate than white people are Lantinix individuals, biracial individuals, and Native Americans (Libguides). The table on this page's site shows the top ten states with the highest incarnation rates, and if you view the table which is labeled as table 3, you can see that minorities make up triple the prison rates as white individuals. When viewing this nationwide, minorities are locked up 5 times more than individuals who are white (Libguides).

One could say that these statistics may not be due to racism, and I would add not every lock up would be a result to this. Regardless this does shows something about our society, so qualitative research has also been done on this which shows racism affects some of these lock ups. The school to prison pipeline research shows this in a significant way. We have seen how opportunities are often taken away from minority individuals, which can often lead to a cycle of being locked up. In addition to this there does seem to be some discrimination based on this when viewing qualitative data. Simply put, the school prison pipeline is where individuals who are minorities are put in juvenile dentition centers for various reasons (Annamma 2018). Many of the occurrences within the literature start with minor issues which would not have gotten most white children put in these centers (Annamma 2018). Additional issues with many of these punishments are that many  individuals of power ignore the situation these students are in (Annamma 2018). Examples of this in the literature are fleeing from abusive parents, joining gangs to be safe in rough neighborhood due to poverty, hitting their own siblings in foster care, or having to take care of younger siblings which causes missed school days/instances of worse things from schools (Annamma 2018). This then makes the children become more likely to be criminals in the future due to the literature showing that if you are locked up and stay in these centers you will be more likely to become a criminal in the future (Annamma 2018). Combining qualitative data along with quantitative data shows that many of these issues are often involved with racial issues instead of just individuals being locked up. 

A statistical website shows that there has been a steady increase in hate crimes over the past decade. In 2023 there was a total of 11,800 hate crimes. There was a noticeable increase in violent crime towards Asian Americans between 2018-2020 with a “73 percent increase, from 161 reported cases in 2019 to 279 cases in 2020” (statista.com). This still pales in comparison to hate crimes on black individuals which resulted in “2,871 incidents in 2020, a 49 percent increase from 2019” during the same time period (statista.com). 

African American Scholars and various universities will be quick to point out that our history is Whitewashed. Individuals such as Jarvis Givens will point out that slavery is a lot worse than it was described in our history books and that whenever Black people tried to provide something for themselves such as being educated, white people often stood in the way by destroying schools, hurting minorities, or claiming they were inferior (Givens, 2023). Individuals may point that this isn’t racism today, but this is a type of systemic and institutional racism that is built in our society to downplay minority struggles. Implications of this is that this books stories of evils that happened lasts until the 60s, which is close to our modern time (Givens, 2023). In addition to getting a late start compared to white people there are individuals who make it a mission to say minorities are lazy despite this late start (Berliner & Hermans 2022). Along with this my previous arguments show discriminatory hiring practices, which have made it difficult for Black people to get out of poverty (Some have done it, my argument is more that individuals are making it more difficult).

Similar to our history being whitewashed, President Trump during his first term in office, tried to pass patriot education which would downplay racist actions of the past (Pene, 2020). Issues that were noticeable was how he tried to change the words of slavery to worker to downplay the severity of this time in history.(Pene, 2020). Those who study history know that issues of what happened to black people in the past are often whitewashed in our history books. Examples of how horrid this practice was, is how slaves we’re forced to wear clothing that made them feel like they were being stuck with needles, that slaves' eyes were burned with acid, and severe beatings that were given to minorities who went out of line of the slave master (Givens 2023). The sad thing about this, is that this action resembles how the old school confederates, changed history books to make the civil war mainly about state rights, while slavery was downplayed (Pene, 2020). These textbooks in the south continued until 2018 (Pene, 2020). 

Perhaps one of the sneakier moves to hurt minority individuals is through the school choice movement. Now I will say that I don’t think everyone who supports this movement is racist, because not everyone knows what it will entail, but some law makers from the early 2000s to now have stated that they are using the school choice movement to bring individuals back to how education use to be during the start of the country (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). This happens to be when minorities were unable to be educated, poor people couldn’t be educated, and the rich were the only ones able to be educated (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). 

Now to individuals who don’t know what the school choice movement is, my quick summary is that individuals on the right are trying to get individuals items known as vouchers so students can go to what school they want (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). This seems good at first glance to individuals who don’t know the system, but public schools are funded through local property tax (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). Vouchers basically take funds from the public schools based on where the individuals is coming from and takes it to fund either a charter school the student is trying to go to, or the private school the student is attending (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). This means that schools with minorities will be funded the least, because through property tax they are already underfunded, and through vouchers additional funds will be taken away from them. This does seem to match the stated plan above. 

The results will be major, because they have been major in certain parts of the country. New Orleans is an example, due to all public schools being shut down in favor of Charter Schools (Buras, 2013). With Charter schools being a private system, they are unable to go through the same checks and balances, which gives them the ability to expel and suspend kids easier (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). Ever since the shooting of George Floyd this seems likely, due to suspension and expulsion rates increasing since his murder (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). 

Through the school choice movement as well, it seems the government has also aimed to segregate individuals by race even further, because the school choice movement seems to cause segregation by race (Berliner & Hermans, 2022; Frankenburg, 2011). This has also been shown to negatively affect minorities due to them being given less opportunities all while being funded less (Berliner & Hermans, 2022; Frankeburg, 2011). 

In addition to the school choice movement segregating individuals by race, there often seems to be a white flight mechanism that has been happening in certain areas of the country for where white people are trying to go to school with less minorities (Denice, 2022; Wilson 2019) Along with this there has been evidence towards pristine charter schools discriminating based on admissions, by turning down a significant number of minority students in place of white students (Wilson 2019).

 Police Brutality 

Police brutality, has been shown to affect minorities more than white people, by a significant margin (Libguides). To cite Brookings.edu “Of all Black people killed by police, Black emerging adults accounted for 31 percent, despite representing only 12 percent of the Black population and just one percent of the entire U.S. population. On average, Black emerging adults are five times more likely to be killed by a police officer than a white emerging adult and nearly three times more likely than a Latinx emerging adult. Further, Latinx emerging adults are about two times more likely to be killed than white emerging adults.” (Brookings). To continue to cite research, the school to prison pipeline qualitative research shows that minorities often have a distrustful outlook on police officers in general (Annamma, 2018). Many of them cited issues in how police mistreated them throughout their time in the Juvenal detention center, and before they entered, due to them being harmful before they were labeled as criminals (Annamma, 2018).

The methodology of how we come to conclusions are very important when discussing phenomenon that is complex such as this. I have started by using researchers from multiple fields using multiple research methodologies. Individuals such as Anthony Onweunbuzie, Rebeca’s Frels, Campbell and Stanley, Andy Fields, and (Myers et., al 2017), and (John Hopkins), would agree that a firm research methodology helps generalize results to the public and can help individuals get closer to causation (Onweunbuzie & Frels, 2016). Similar to Andy Field I have looked at multiple variables to keep from making a correlation causation fallacy based on confounding variables (other methods to explain the data) (Field, 2018). In addition to this I have viewed studies and correlations in different areas, which can get to causation if I account for cofounders (Myers et., al 2017). Finally, like Campbell and Stanley, (Campbell & Stanley, 1959), I have viewed data in a quantitative and qualitative form to help give a better explanation of that data (John Hopkins). Each of these methods combined help get to causation. Due to this method being reliable (This means that the instrument can be interpreted consistently across different situations) my opponent would have to tear down the majority of my points to show that racism doesn’t impact society today (Field, 2018). This is due to my methodology being consistent, and my method being reliable from a research standpoint. In conclusion, I look forward to this back and forth, and I look forward to a spirited debate. Also, sorry if my reference in text citations are sloppy. It has been a long week!

Annamma, S. A. (2018). Thepedagogy of pathologization: Dis/abled girls of color in the schoolprisonnexus. New York: Routledge.

Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Racism. Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/racism

Pene, M. (2020, October 24). Patriotic Education is a whitewashing of history. UT News.

From 2003: Racial bias in hiring. The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. (n.d.). https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/racial-bias-hiring

Quillian, L., & Lee, J. J. (2023). Trends in racial and ethnic discrimination in hiring in six Western countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212875120

SBU Online February 16, 2022, Maral Gorginpour      January 24, 2025, admin      October 3, 2024, & SBU Online September 24, 2024. (2022, May 3). Diversity, equity, and inclusion: Why it matters. Online Masters Programs from St. Bonaventure University. https://online.sbu.edu/news/why-dei-matters

Ostrager, A.-E., Jordan, J., & High, T. R. (2025, February 10). President Trump acts to roll back dei initiatives. The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance. https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2025/02/10/president-trump-acts-to-roll-back-dei-initiatives/

Libguides: Incarcerated populations: Racial disparities. Racial Disparities - Incarcerated Populations - LibGuides at Duquesne University. (n.d.). https://guides.library.duq.edu/incarceration/race

Why mixed methods?. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (n.d.). https://publichealth.jhu.edu/academics/academic-program-finder/training-grants/mixed-methods-research-training-program-for-the-health-sciences/about-the-program/why-mixed-methods

Henderson, H., Suddler, C., Frimpong, K., Lauren Bauer, S. G., & Katharine Meyer, R. M. P. (2024, July 30). A crisis within a crisis: Police killings of Black Emerging Adults. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/a-crisis-within-a-crisis-police-killings-of-black-emerging-adults/

Experimental and quasi-experiment AL designs ... (n.d.). https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Campbell&Stanley-1959-Exptl&QuasiExptlDesignsForResearch.pdf 

Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2017). Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Frels,R. (2016). Seven steps to a comprehensive literature review. Sage.

Frankenberg, E., Siegel-Hawley, G.,& Wang, J. (2011). Choice without equity:  charter schoolsegregation. Education PolicyAnalysis Archives, 19, 1. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n1.2011

Buras, K., L., & Urban South Grassroots ResearchCollective, M. (2013). New OrleansEducation Reform: A Guide for citiesor a warning for Communities? (Grassroots Lessons Learned, 2005-2012). BerkeleyReview of Education, 4. https://doi.org/10.5070/b84110023

Denice,P. (2022). Spatial mismatch and the share of black, Hispanic, and whitestudents enrolledin charter schools. Sociology ofEducation, 95(4), 276–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380407221108976

Wilson, E. K. (2019). Chartersand choice: The new white flight. SSRN Electronic Journal, 233284. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3353473

TheAcademicChristian     i   c   ur   previous   words    and    present thoughts      towards    racism    ,   u cover a lot    facts   to    say that what u say    is     more   authentic  ...

As  u know  a lot  about   one side  of  coin , I  prefer    to  show   u   the other side  of coin  ......

DEI and Hiring , Prison Rate , Hate crime  , White washed history ,   Police Brutality 

these r     highlights   and    ofcourse      anyone   who  observe   these  like      stuff   , in which  minorities  ,  blacks   ,  foreign   immigrants    , who  r not from    western world          faced     disciminatation    

c   i  divide    it into   two    branches :   

 America     exploits    by  white    western   powers  and their  ppls  .  Native   of  America  killed  and    destroy  by   them      completely ,  to remove  a   civilization      is  a task   that's    not    ethical       for everyone.         Destruction      of    Carthage     by  Romans    maybe  make  any   so-called  sense      but    destruction of  Native  American  is    completely     unethical      and  everyone   consider   that     including   white    Europe and  American  itself  too    ,   but  i   c   some    of them  say   that     past   is bloody   and  everyone  is     uncivilized   so    its  okay  ....   but    not  that's  not   true         

historically     white's        Europeans   ,  who become   so-called   Americans        successfully      make    an  empire      of  whites   ,    where   white   lords   do what  they   and      a  person in  white    house   represent  them   ,     some of them  have   a  good  side      but   only for some    for sometimes     according  to    need  of time .

As   American   society    is  based  on   class system  rather than  cast  system   ,    class  of       elite  and  commons      ,        state  is  controlled   by  capitalists      from the day   one   to still today.    according to     capitalism          profit  is everything      ,     merit   decide    who  u r     ,     money     define    ur     status        within the   society    not    ur     family    , race     , color     , education      .........     if  u   make and own  more  money  then its fine       nothing   matter   to u 

As  u can  c   in   both  conditions       u   r  well come      to  be  a citizen   of    America    but  according to       their  ways    .....   

u  have  to be like them  think  like them    and do like them  

if  u r black   but have  money    or  own    convince  the ppl  who  have  money     ,   u r    the     king   of america    ( selected  president  of  America by  elites    )   

 More white ppls   shot by police annually than black people, despite the difference in crime rates

Many high-profile police shootings involved suspects resisting arrest or engaging in criminal activity   ,  so if black  resist  more   they     face   the  consequences  more 

Hate crime reporting has increased due to improved tracking methods, not necessarily an actual rise in racial violence (FBI, 2023).

Hate crimes against white individuals have also risen     

Asian Americans, despite also being minorities, often outperform all racial groups in hiring and income levels

School Choice  that's  thing  that's     highly debated  ,     its   often  good   for    rich     but   bad  for poor      ,  according  to some     school choice   is    harsh reality    that's going  to be happend    and maybe  future  of   American  Society       ,      and for some       its  more   productive    but for some its not   

color ,  race ,  ethnicity , cast     become old things  time to time       now     money    take   their  place .   

for example :  if u r white  and     r  poor     school choice  is    pretty hard for u   ,  but  u  r black     and rich    school choice  is  a pretty thing for u 

we can say      economic   system  of   America     Affect    US in a Major Way      not racism  

I do want to start by saying that I appreciate this good spirited debate. I will also take him saying me knowing a lot about one side of the coin as a compliment lol! To start I will go through each of his points. Some of these may not be in exact order, due to the data I have referencing multiple things that may not go with the direct order my opponent has. I will also ask my opponent some questions, and he/she is free to do so with me as well. To start, your term that you made up that is suppose to reference sociology is interesting in some regards, but I would not think sociologists would quite agree with you on the oppressor/oppressed fact in this instance. One area I do feel there is an agreement on is that “when you have all the facts together, you have no black and white, but you have grey.” (I don’t agree in this instance, but I will clarify because it is important). I usually agree with the end part of this notion, due to behavioral science researchers mentioning that most hypothesis that are formed typically are incorrect (Campbell and Stanley, 1959). This is usually difficult, just because finding a phenomenon in the world and correctly predicting it is hard (Campbell & Stanley, 1959). The major disagreement in this would be that this is not one of these instances. To start in my opening I gave ways researchers typically determine what is true, which comes from viewing confounding variables, using different statistical methods, viewing multiple data types (quantitative and qualitative), and using multiple research methodologies (multiple citations) (Campbell & Stanley 1959; Field 2018; Myers 2017; John Hopkins;) . Causation is hard to come by, and is done a lot through research methodologies (Campbell & Stanley 1959). The reason I go into detail, is because him saying there is mainly grey normally is the case, but when we see that this meets all the criteria of causation, it is shown that it would not be the case in this instance. 

My opponent has labeled his next arguments in a couple different sections labeled, Historical American Society and Modern American class system. There are some items that I do not think my opponent answered, which may get restated. This is not to sound wrong, because round 1 is labeled as an opening statement round, so he has arguments of his own he needed to articulate and I typed a lot which makes it hard to get to everything (Ehh word limits lol)! Some of what I stated in my opening will answer some of his challenges, but I will provide additional citations and arguments to further my argumentation. 

I don’t know too much about Carthage and Rome, besides what is laid out in Ernle Bradford’s book (Bradford, 2014). Regardless, I don’t know much about how history had been destroyed in this part of the world, except Carthage being burnt to the ground (Bradford, 2014). I will say that I am not sure how this relates to the debate topic, due to this being a system from warfare, which doesn’t have anything to do with race. We could talk about issues as it relates to Native Americans, but I would like to address what he said in relation to “where white lords do what they and a person in white house represent them”. Part of the instances I cited from a historical perspective deal specifically with race. If we are talking about history being white washed, it is a fact. A citation I mentioned earlier from Jarvis Givens, mentions items such as a former president Thomas Jefferson saying that Black people are inferior (Givens, 2023).  He even went so far as to say a slave woman by the name of Phillis Wheatley, who wrote the first book of poems (One of the first poem books written by African Americans), as being too dumb to create such a work due to her being black (Givens, 2023). Now I don’t want to just look at one instance, because that is fallacious reasoning, but examples like this are shown throughout history. There were also issues in which minorities tried to create schools up north, during the time slavery was in the south which resulted in white people often taking them over, and not letting them work towards being educated (Givens, 2023). One could say that everything I mentioned could just be just glossed over, but I have mentioned a few in my intro and I can list more if my opponent wants me to. What I mentioned was the main issue with white washed history was items I mentioned that are currently being worked to be changed (Pene, 2020). This was shown when I mentioned Trump’s first term, and him doing things like changing slavery to workers (Pene, 2020). The fits the definition of institutional racism, due to it being based “on subordinate racial groups by dominant racial groups through institutional channels.”  (California State University Northridge).  In addition this is done to downplay individuals of color’s struggles in the past. 

I am a little unsure of my opponents reasoning with some items in this section, but I will try my best to represent his arguments fairly (If I am wrong my opponent can correct me from there). Yes the United States works in a capitalist system, but that doesn’t mean that this doesn’t favor white individuals. My opponent talks about money defining this system, but this is answered from my comments in my opening about Black people being 50% less likely to obtain a call back from hiring managers compared to white people (Quillian & Le, 2023; Rice et., al 2024; Harvard). In addition to this, there was a study conducted by Harvard, in which fake applications were placed in with White sounding names and Black sounding names, and resulted in the “White individuals resumes getting significantly more call backs” compared to Black people (Harvard). This was shown with individuals who were Black and white who had the same credentials (Harvard). In addition to this, other data shows that Black people are most likely to be paid less for the same work compared to white people (Berkeley). This is even startling because this is regardless of whether they have a college degree or not (Berkeley). The comment about a rich elite with a black president doesn’t prove much because, there can always be a minority person who succeeds despite the world making it more difficult. One can view the stats above to show how society makes it harder for Black people to succeed, but let’s also take a look at history as well. Individuals such as W.E.B Dubois and Carter G Woodson both obtained PhD’s around the time slavery took place, but we’re both black (Givens, 2023). Carter G Woodson, was the only black individual who was a slave who obtained a PhD (Givens, 2023). My point of this was to say, that my opponents comment about a former president being black doesn’t mean racism doesn’t heavily impact our society because we can find success stories in the past when racism was worse than it is today, where black people still found a way to succeed. This comment also applies to minorities who have money, due to it equally applying. In addition to this, the literature mentions that racism is shown in a more political manner, compared to certain ways it was shown in the past (Rice et al., 2024). This phenomena makes sense when we see individuals rising to power who are minority, even with data showing discriminatory hiring practices (Quillian & Le, 2023; Rice 2024). It’s possible that this takes place because it does seem that people who are racist try to hide it, but one could argue it is getting worse due to extreme practices within the past several years being rebranded to seem not as bad despite it hurting minorities (Berliner & Hermans 2022). 

It is true that Asians outperform individuals in the amount they make. To answer this in a simplistic way, is that individuals face various modes of discrimination with some races or vulnerable groups being discriminated worse than others (Annama, 2018). My citations of hiring practices and pay scale still stand here, but I do have more to comment. 1. Even though Asians do face some discrimination it is not on the level as other minorities. Black individuals face the worst typically due to society never really giving a full chance even up until modern time, which is cited with Givens book ending in the 60s, which is close to modern time (Givens, 2023). 2. Asians are typically seen as honorary whites by some people, which affords them more opportunities (I would be willing to acknowledge cultural differences as well) (Dhingra, 2021). This article also shows that white individuals also use this as stereotypes to Asians for a different type of discrimination (Dhingra, 2021).3. The previous comment is shown due to Asians typically being more likely to be with white people in schools and away from other minorities (Monarez et al., 2022). This actually affords them better opportunities through being at schools which are better funded (Berliner & Hermans, 2022; Frankenburg, 2011). In addition, it does also speak into society that white people are often more comfortable around Asian people compared to Latinix and Black people (Monarez et al., 2022).  We can see this based on how schools are segregated in school choice area, where Asians are typically around white people and the others are separated (Monarez et al., 2022). There is also evidence of white flight in regard to school choice because when the public schools start to desegregate, white people go to the schools that are opposite of African Americans and Latinx students (Wilson, 2019).  Now, it is true Asians get more opportunities for the reasons, stated above, but they do still face some level of discrimination, which is cited in my intro. This level is just not near to the level of every other minority group.

My opponent claimed that many high profile shootings involve an individual resisting arrest and said that if minorities resists they would be more likely to be shot. My response is 1. Do you have a citation for your statistic? 2. The data I used also involved unarmed minority shootings. 3. You said if they resist. Is this a general statistic or one that looks by group and race. Regardless, of the answer to this, the results shown from articles statica.com and Libguides, show differences that are significantly different (Statitica; Libguides). You can always give a few towards this interpretation, but the moment it is significantly different actually shows that something is wrong here (Field, 2018). This is based on how to interpret data from individuals such as Andy Field, who teaches about statistical significance when interpreting data in research (Field, 2018).

So my opponent mentions tracking methods and cites the FBI data, but these individuals are not researchers. This is a distinct thing that should be shown, because police officers are not behavioral scientists who interpret phenomena. Typically how behaviors are interpreted in society is through statistical methodology/tests, research methodology, and multiple testing methods (Campbell & Stanley 1959; Field, 2018; Myers 2017, John Hopkins;  Onwenbuze & Frels, 2016) This means that him mentioning tracking methods to show that these are not hate crimes are, not based on behavioral science methods. In my opening, it should be noted I used data from a stats cite, a university, and a qualitative source from behavioral scientists. This means I used a mixed methods approach using qualitative and quantitative data to try to get to the direct cause of these behaviors in society (John Hopkins). If we follow what researchers, statisticians, and behavioral scientists say, me using a multitude of data, me using different research methods, and me using a multitude of different studies would show that I am using a method that would be more likely to get to causation in behaviors. 

Do you have a citation for this claim? The reason being is like the previous comments, if you understand statistics and how claims in behavioral science work, it is delicate to figure out certain claims. Like previously stated, data has to be tested to see if there is a statistically significant difference to see if the phenomenon is happening on a large scale (Field 2018; Myers, 2017). The measurements I used are done through institutions that weight variables by population size and account for confounding variables (other variables that could possibly explain the data.) (Field, 2018; Myers 2017). When accounting for these measures, it’s clear that overall minorities may commit more crime due to the confounding variable of poverty (Berliner & Hermans 2022; Field 2018). We actually see this in other nations because the most crime filled areas are poorer nations (statisica crime by nation). In addition, my data has qualitative measures, which help get to causation via a mixed method design (John Hopkins). This means I can make the claim of racism easier due to this being a common behavioral science method.

My opponent is right in that this is probably one of my more contested points and school choice is probably going to happen on a grand scale. I did admit that I don’t think that everyone who is trying to implement this policy is racist. Regardless there are individuals who are racist trying to implement this policy. In my opening I mentioned how researchers have noted that politicians have stated that they wish for schools to be like how they were before public schools were around, which just so happens to be when minorities and poor people were not allowed to be educated (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). Now my opponent may note that more than one group would be getting picked on, but per my hate crime data, it is possible for multiple marginalized groups to be under attack at once Statica; Libguides). In addition to this qualitative studies show this as well in the school to prison pipeline research (Annama, 2018). In this research it should also be noted that if you are part of more than one group that is marginalized, you will be subject to harder discrimination (Annama, 2018). Research in Charter schools show that it is creating more segregated schools, which leads to this possibly being a by race item. This makes claims mentioned earlier about comments from political parties seem more realistic. Scholars have published multiple works which states that there is a possibility that this could be a violation of the 14th amendment, which shows that there is substance to these claims (Hufman, 2018; Berliner & Hermans, 2022). Time will only tell with this final statement, due to this not being something that has taken over each state in full. This is interesting for the future due to the vast growth of charter schools and the implementation of school choice, which continues to take funds away from public schools in poor areas (Berliner & Hermans, 2022). In closing for this rebuttal, some of my arguments would have to be addressed to show that my claims don’t meet evidence of racism. To fully understand my opponents positions and further my own case I will ask my opponent some questions, and I would be happy for him/her to do the same.

1. What is the way you determine what is true?

2. Would you agree with the way research methodologist I have quoted, show the appropriate way to find causation in claims (First two are similar so I don’t mind them being answered together lol)

3. If you disagree with my methodology, what is the way you arrived to your position?

4. Why do you think DEI research shows minority individuals are uncomfortable to work with more extreme far right bosses who make there political positions known?

5. Is there a way you would explain the pay gap between white and minority workers shown?

6. Do you think that the research presented from Harvard that shows possible discriminatory practices for initial interviews is a coincidence, or is it for another possible reason?

7. Do you think racism could happen along with other groups being marginalized at the same time?

8. What is your source for the Black on White crime claim? I’m asking mainly due to wanting to see how the data was tested. 

Feel free to ask questions as well. I just want to make sure I ask questions so we don’t talk past each other! Look forward to your response! Note some citations are just from the previous response in case some individuals want to continue to look things up!

Dhingra, P. (2021). “over-zealous parents, over-programmed families”: Asian Americans, academic achievement, and white supremacy. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 7(4), 458–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/23326492211018483

Bradford, E. D. S. (2014). Hannibal. Open Road Integrated Media.

Monarrez, T., Kisida, B., &Chingos, M. (2022). The effect of Charter Schools on schoolsegregation. American EconomicJournal: Economic Policy, 14(1), 301–340. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190682

Huffman, A. A. (2018). Theneoliberal attack on the public education of students of color.Journal of Transformative Leadership& Policy Studies, 7(1), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.36851/jtlps.v7i1.494

I don't  like  to   appreciate my opponent  😊,  as i find  my  little boat        in the ocean   of    facts      and   the destination  is too far   

but  yeah      my graceful   opponent   have  done   extra-ordinary      work   which     convince me  to   appreciate   him    little  more 

Far right    ppls (bosses)  r  often   America     (white  lords/Pirates  of    Europe  )   ,   who  r    itself  illegal  immigrants      but  now   they  r    anti-immigrants     and pretty nationalist   , for them  to   be  little  socialist    means     to be communist     and    which is      a threat     for  capitalism     , as  u   know    DEI  is   not merit -based  so it also  against the essence of  capitalism  system of   America    ,   maybe   my  ans   reach  the      sense of     pretty    question 

(not all   jews    but  almost  60~70 %  jews    )

and  one thing  more   family system is  also  affect   financial   statistics  of  races  

source for the Black on White crime claim  is  FBI   

I do appreciate my opponent as well, because he/she seems like a good person. I also have some areas of agreement with him, but it of course diverges at a certain point (We are debating two different sides, so it does make sense lol). I think in this context I could go down and go point by point compared to my previous replies. 

1. Determining what is true?

I do think that my opponent has a decent point with this, but it is something that would have to be used carefully. Looking at items using research and many different methodologies is helpful (Campbell & Stanley 1959; Field 2018; Myers 2017; John Hopkins) (I have already mentioned this a decent amount, so I won’t beat a dead horse lol)! The one thing to be careful of, is that there are weaknesses with different sources, and even some of my citations are stronger than others. Examples of this would be historical items being towards the weaker end, survey research and qualitative research being right above it, heavily quantitative studies above the previous two, mixed methods above that, and experimental designs and quasi experimental designs towards the top (Campbell & Stanley 1959; Field 2018; Myers 2017; John Hopkins; Friedman, 2006; Ruel et al., 2016). I would say, that I may ought to ask my opponent what he means by unofficial source? I only say that because there could be some agreement up to a certain point. Official sources such as items from scholars, universities, and research studies go through a method of checks and balances (Ruel et al., 2016). Items often get rejected even with individuals being smart, and often requires researchers to have a strong methodology, and depending on if the study deals with humans, may have to go through an IRB process (Ruel et al., 2016). Unofficial cites can have good info, but can easily be changed by individuals and don’t typically go through these checks and balances. They can be good to figure out research questions (For example, time hasn’t been given enough for the DEI research to see what has happened in multiple areas since Trump removed DEI. The best we can do is look at past research to predict the future for now, which was cited in a previous article). 

2. Methodology

I do like that my opponent thought my research was cool lol! Here I think he is right to an extent, but there are areas in which I can show items are wrong. My opponent thinks that looking at history and economic standpoints is important, which I can somewhat agree on. Now I will say, that economics is not always my strong suit, but I will do my best as time moves on. We can see my past arguments about the hiring of minorities in the job market, which I can point to for multiple studies over different time periods. When I mentioned African American’s are 50% less likely to obtain call backs for interviews is cited in articles over different time periods (Rice et., al 2024; Chicago Booth, 2003; Quillian & Le, 2023). One article dates back to the early 2000s while one is stated to be since Trump was first in office.  In addition to this, we have continued to see the wage gap between minority members with white individuals stagnant for the past two decades (Pew Research). The wage gap alone may not be able to show racism, but I think the addition of this in comparison with unfair hiring practices mentioned earlier, and wage gaps for similar education levels further this as additional evidence (Pew research; Rice et., al 2024; Berkeley) This information that is stated seems to have been going on for generations if we think about it. I have cited history in my previous two statements, but I will add some for my opponent in different sections when appropriate. History can be used to view methodologies, but I have seemed to focus on behaviors in the past towards minorities and how this has hurt schooling towards minorities even recently, due to items from the past hurting minorities education (Givens, 2023). I don’t speak quite as much on this except from a historical perspective and how it relates to school choice, because if it was just actions from the past it wouldn’t necessarily mean that it is happening today. But I do bring up racial issues with schools in the past to relate it to lawmakers wanting to return schools to the past (I do know this is one of the harder points to make, but I do think it gets less crazy in conjunction with everything else). In addition to this, I do cite history to show that our history is white washed to make white individuals look better (Givens, 2023). This was shown in the past through past pains of horrible acts I cited with Jarvis Givens earlier with white people hurting minorities from wanting to be educated (Physical and mental),  them taking over schools owned by minorities, and now my new implication of them hiding success of minorities from the past which hurts there future (Woodson, 2018). Woodson who is the second African American who had a PhD (The only African American who was once a slave and obtained this degree. One of my favorite authors), shows numerous success that minorities had in the past such as being the first to domesticate livestock, being influential in art (Helped influence the Greeks, Carthage, and Rome), and being good educators in the US despite going through slavery (Woodson, 2018). Individuals may wonder the relevance to today, but Woodson back in time even said that history is taught in the way of white individuals to help keep there own status (Woodson, 2018). This even counts with what we see in the present day with Trumps policy towards education, and individuals in the past saying minorities were inferior (Pene, 2020; Woodson, 2018). The importance also plays in both the past and the present due to downplaying such issues would downplay minority struggles so that individuals would follow certain white individuals guidelines (Woodson, 2018). This would keep minorities from succeeding because some minorities may succeed, but would focus on there own success instead of fixing a broken system (Woodson, 2018). This in total would keep white individuals in higher positions compared to them, which matches with my hiring data (Woodson, 2018; Berkeley; Quillan & Le, 2023). Simply put, this has been something that has happened over time and continues to remain, which is scary because former scholars back in the early 20th century showed phenomenon we see in our world today. 

4. DEI

I do think that some previous items in the above statement answer some of this, so I will go in a different direction to prevent the conversation from going in circles lol! My opponent mentioned that DEI isn’t a merit based program, which is true to some degree. My opponent also mentions that it is against capitalism to some degree. The problem with this is that there is no basis to say it is against capitalism. We can say this, because there are companies in the spectrum that lean either left or right (Cohen & Raines, 2024).  Regardless there does seem to be unfair hiring practices towards individuals who supposedly lean right and some who lean left in the U.S. towards minority individuals (Cohen & Raines, 2024; Rice et al., 2024). (I can’t pick on the right all the time lol). The reason I would say that this could benefit certain businesses, is because one would think some left leaning businesses would take this as an opportunity to earn an additional client base. We actually saw this in a short extent right after George Floyd’s death, where center to left leaning businesses started to hire more minorities for a short time (Cohen & Raines, 2024). This of course is short lived, because hiring numbers of minorities have stayed at the numbers mentioned in my earlier replies (Cohen, & Raines, 2024; Rice et al., 2024). In addition, one could make the claim if it was business alone it, it would be due to individuals wanting to make more money, because people do look to maximize profit (Cohen & Raines, 2024). The problem with this is the call for the removal of DEI was done through the president of the United States, who should be looking to have the best interest of this country (Ostranger, 2025). This shows that this was not a business decision alone, but one outside of this. In addition colleges are forcing DEI to be removed from there schools, which also shows this is not economic (DEI.gov site). One could argue political, but with Trumps actions towards minorities based on the police system, forced history, racial comments, and racial actions, one could say it may be based on race (Regardless, this is shown to embolden certain individuals to harm minorities due to crime, or harsh policy pushes)(Pene, 2020; Berliner & Hermans, 2022).

I am a little confused by this answer, not because I don’t agree to some extent (I’m obviously going to disagree too lol), but more so I am unsure if my opponent is inadvertently mentioning that White people give advantages to other white people, which would fall under racial discrimination (Woodson, 2018). Regardless of if he/she means this, I can still further my case regardless (I don’t want to put words in my opponents mouth). He also makes the point of location and education as a big part of this as well. To answer each point I will first cite history to show that if my opponent mentioned white individuals using businesses to help only them thrive in the workplace counts as racial discrimination. Famous historian Carter G Woodson, mentioned that many white people do exactly what my opponent described, in making sure there race had advantages compared to minorities (Woodson, 2018). He further mentioned white individuals sometimes prevent many minorities from succeeding, while only letting a few move forward (Woodson, 2018). This seems to match claims with hiring, unequal pay, and even workplace discrimination. Despite things being better than this scholars time, we still have a long way to go. Now the pay gap answer is easy to address when you follow what statisticians say, by viewing data from multiple lens (My opponent is actually doing this to an extent) (Field, 2018). First, education level is taken in to account with this (Berkeley). We see this, because it views by education level regarding individuals with certain degrees and without, which means that the same work is being paid unequally (Berkeley). This means minorities without a degree are paid less than white people without a degree (Berkeley). Another point my opponent may not know relates to how sampling may be done within a study itself (random sampling). My opponent mentioned that this could reflect pay based on profession, but with national studies, they use random sampling techniques to ensure that the sample would reflect the individual races and Country as a whole (Ruel et al., 2016). This means that this would be factored in, but to increase the reliability of my claim, Pew research also shows a significant pay gap between white individuals, when compared to Black people “Among full- and part-time workers in the U.S., blacks in 2015 earned just 75% as much as whites in median hourly earnings and women earned 83% as much as men.” (Pew research).

My opponent, mentioned it could be possible that the study done based on hiring from minority names on resumes to have another possible cause for not hiring minority staff (His example was some being denied a bank loan for a variety of reasons). One could possibly argue a form of discrimination as well, but that is outside the scope of this debate. The problem with this, is this study has been done with minor differences more than once (The one previously cited was from 2003, and this one was done 20 years later). A more recent study showed that hiring individuals were 30% more likely to hire individuals with perceived white names (Abel & Burger, 2023). This actually increased an extra 25% points when employers were forced to make quick decisions (Abel & Burger, 2023). When we see this semi replicated, and to show vast differences when individuals are hired on the spot makes this seem more likely to be by race.

To start, my opponent is right in that people can be marginalized on how much they make. The issue is, what happens when the data shows that individuals are typically persecuted worse when they have more than one discriminating factor? In a qualitative study done on minority women, the scholarship mentioned that individuals are typically discriminated on worse, when they have more than one factor they can be discriminated on (Anamma, 2018). An example of this is if someone is a woman, who is a minority, and they are part of the LGBTQ group (Anamma, 2018). To compliment this, in the DEI data mentioned earlier, we see more discrimination on minorities who are younger and are part of another social group similar to the ones I mentioned earlier (Rice et al., 2024). We do often see especially women who are minority are treated even worse (Anamma, 2018). To add to the point that multiple people can be discriminated on at once, I will add historical evidence from Carter G Woodson ( I will have to apologize for citing him so much this round. I’m reading a book of his in my leasure time lol!), which mentions that there is a scale to racism. He doesn’t call it this, but what he says is “yellow individuals face some, brown individuals face more, and black individuals face the worst” (Woodson, 2018). In significance with history as well, this is correct in how history is taught. Woodson himself would have understood racism better than us, because he not only lived during that time, but was a slave before becoming a scholar (Woodson, 2018). Similar to this African American Historian Jarvis Givens and educational researchers show that minorities could be discriminated against based on race, along with poor individuals facing repercussions as well (Givens, 2023; Berliner & Hermans, 2022). We can show this by the fact that minorities are partially responsible for the creation of public schools, and when (Givens, 2023). When minorities created schools in the south after slavery ended, minorities allowed poor white people to attend (Givens, 2023). When individuals who were white took over the schools by force, or when white individuals forced themselves to be headmasters of the schools, poor white children were also hurt (Givens, 2023). This of course was before Plessy vs. Ferguson or Brown vs. Boards fight for desegregation, but this did happen earlier in our history. I guess my point in this question was to see my opponents viewpoint, and to show that multiple groups can be discriminated on at the same time for different reasons, which affects multiple individuals. This means that someone could do something to harm or discriminate individuals based on race, while also affecting other people. From this, it does seem that this gives similar implications for the school choice movement and schools as well (Possibly. I do know this is a heavier contested point). 

This section will be short, because there isn’t much to say. I just wanted to see my opponents methodology for determining truth. His quote which he mentioned gives overall number, but doesn’t weight by percentage (which I did mention earlier). So for example Black individuals make up less of the population, so to get accurate numbers, one would have to weight the statistics (Field , 2018). I already mentioned about how my method gets to causation, so I don’t think I need to continue down that road unless my opponent challenges certain items in a specific way (Keeps us from moving in a circle). I will point out, that each of my opponents claims can be answered with historical information, qualitative data, quantitative data, and various different studies. I bring this up, mainly to further my case in that racism is shown in our society and that it seems like we have more and more evidence the further we move into society today (I do think it is worse now than like 20 years ago, but I wouldn’t say the worst ever). I don’t have any questions this round, because I think I understand my opponents position (I may ask if I am confused in a different round). 

Refrences 

Quillian, L., & Lee, J. J. (2023). Trends in racial and ethnic discrimination in hiring in six Western countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212875120

Why mixed methods?. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (n.d.). https://publichealth.jhu.edu/academics/academic-program-finder/training-grants/mixed-methods-research-training-program-for-the-health-sciences/about-the-program/why-mixed-methods

Ostrager, A.-E., Jordan, J., & High, T. R. (2025, February 10). President Trump acts to roll back dei initiatives. The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance

Friedman, B. D. (2006). The research tool kit: Putting it all together. Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Abel, M., & Burger, R. (2023). Unpacking name-based race discrimination. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4490163 

Carter G. Woodson     the father of Black history   ,  he and his  words  r  highly  respected  for me   by all means 

"I don’t have any questions this round, because I think I understand my opponents position (I may ask if I am confused in a different round). "   😊   by TheAcademicChristian

I no longer  prefer    to  just  consider  my opponent      as an opponent    but  such  a  great   debater    who    own the    ocean of     facts and nice words 

" I would say, that I may ought to ask my opponent what he means by unofficial source?  " by TheAcademicChristian

Y not  ,   u've right to  ask  everything   .....

as   sometimes   most official  sources  r biased  or  affiliated   to some  interest   or  not    .........  so unofficial sources     shouldn't  be ignored   

Alright !   we've to consider  the great   Americans   who     try their best to remove  slavery from   the  Mainland  of America    ........   Abraham Lincoln  ,  King  Junior Martin  Luther  ...... 

they  r not  fight     against  racism    or to remove  the   races      but  to remove  the     slavery  system   ............  its  not about race  its  about  system   

  remember the times    :  when  women  r     face disclaimer      from     what they   deserve     

women    treated like  a machine  , like animal   or   ....    nothing  but   an  object    

no matter  women is black or white      African  or Asian     , brown or  American  .......         

Patriarchy  ,    Dark   use  of   Force   ( Italian-American Mafias.......)       ,   Slave system     effect   America  in  past but still today   these  things  have   some  footprint   on  US     and  now   the  dense     so - called    Capitalist  , Liberal    system      effect    US        not        racism     

individuals were 30% more likely to hire individuals with perceived white names   ...........   what  that mean  ,   names  r   not   belonged to    race  but to    culture  

can we say   if    black and  white    exchange their  names  then  the   possibilities       of     black   men  to be hired  is  more than white ?

not   ofcourse  no ,       in    market    the      owner    like  to  hired    more skilled   employ   not matter    , he  is black or white   

just imagine    there's     r   2   companies             company   A  and  B  :
A   hired  more  skilled   labor   without considering  their gender    or  race     

B  hired   more  labor   on  based  of    race  .... 

at the end     growth of     A    accelerated   white      deaccelerated      and   no longer exist     

c  we  don' t  treat  everyone  equally   ,     but  it dos't   mean we r  racist  or  fascist       or       if   someone is  more trustworthy   or close  to   us   by means  of    family relation   ,   religion  , cast   , thinkings .......           we    gave  favor  to  some  more than others    ,  same like      bussiness owner   give favor   to some more   becoz of some reason       (family relation ,  friendship  , interest   ,   religion  , cast   , thinkings ....... ) 

I do want to thank my opponent for stating that I am smart, and that he/she enjoys my choices of readings. My opponent in this debate has been kind, and I do think he has looked into much of the information that I have presented, in a way of understanding. In this round, I will have some points of agreement with my opponent and some areas of course where I disagree. For the most part, I plan to cite primarily history, because I do think I have brought a lot of stats to the table, and I do feel history gives an outlook on how we think today. I also don’t want to be redundant, where I restate too many points, which causes us not to move onto possible new items. 

I don’t want to go back into my methodology too much more. I do feel that the audience probably has enough to read with that and we could possibly go nowhere if I do too much more in this area. I will say I did ask about unofficial sources and I do agree with my opponent to a decent degree. History is a good indication of many things and is often known to be cited in research (Owenzbugy &. Frels, 2016). My opponent is also correct in that there is some degree of bias in research and educational websites (Field, 2018). Before I make my point in regard to these two domains, I would like to define bias as “Bias is a natural inclination for or against an idea, object, group, or individual.” (Chicago.edu) There is also statistical bias which would involve error in the analysis, which leads the false conclusions (Field, 2018). I would argue of course that college sources that are just websites without studies are prone to more bias, because they are able to cite information that they would be more likely to just agree with. Research studies go through an intense process, which has multiple people review, give feedback, view methodologies, and check statistical information in the source before being published (Ruel et al., 2016). Even though this is the best method to determine truth, this is not exempt from bias, but it does have a form of checks and balances to ensure that individuals have sound reasoning for claims. Examples of this can be seen with the IRB process, which views different things, and has varying professors to call out possible biases from the researcher looking to publish (Ruel et al., 2016). Now statical bias can be involved in this, because researchers could mess up on the data analysis process, which could make results false (This also means the results are untrue, similar to if someone was trying to prove a specific claim true, even if untrue) (Field, 2018). I could see my opponents claim about affiliation being true, with an example of if a specific medicine company was involved in a research process with medicine they made (One could argue this would hurt the IRB process though, because this would possibly cause harm to participants, but the affiliation things could possibly apply. I’m mainly using this to set up my next point as a prior example) (Ruel et al. 2016). If I am wrong it is because I am a behavioral scientist lol! This point will make more sense in a claim I will make later in this section). But one problem with this is, that the research process actually allows for conservative and liberal research to be published (That’s why I did say regular college sources seem more bias compared to research studies. There are researchers who are conservative). An example of this would be one scholar I know that is for school choice named Gary Ritter (Ritter et al., 2009). I do obviously think the data, when accounting for everything doesn’t show his claims to be true, because when viewing the data more in depth, we truly see how segregated schools have become since the school choice movement took place (Berliner & Hermans 2022, Frankeburg et al., 2011; Denice, 2022; Wilson, 2019). We can also see that because more analysis show that he was wrong over time (Berliner & Hermans, 2022; Frankenburg et al., 2011; Denice, 2022; Wilson, 2019). My main point was that most behavioral science topics have more leeway for both sides, where the data for this topic heavily shows negative attitudes towards racial groups. One problem with my opponents claim though is where he mentioned some bias in articles shows that even when he is right, there is another variable that shows this effects race related items. To the point I made in regard to affiliation, this is shown in racial research as well, despite more studies showing horrible racist practices. The example I am talking about, is that there seems to be an increased rejection of DEI research by a whole 12%, despite most articles showing items of racism throughout society (Dhiani, 2024). One could argue that the research may be bias, due to this being a political topic, but that doesn’t quite make as much sense for a few different reasons. The main one is that research on political items are done all the time and in different areas of politics (Dhiani et al., 2024). (Some even in this debate lol). The issue in rejection, if based on my opponents claims is true, it would go against his main point here. We actually see a lot of reason why these items get rejected, which is to actually spare the institution at times based on different data provided.

I like that he mentions various historical figures, and I actually agree that they should be taken into consideration. He mentions that many of these historical figures fought against a slave system, and not a racial system. I’m not sure if this means my opponent feels that slavery wasn’t racist, but I am going to cite some historians that would disagree with him regardless (That would be interesting to debate in the future lol). First, individuals such as Woodson would admit that racism was prevalent, and even used his dissertation to argue against individuals on his committee who felt that minorities were not as bright (americanhistory.edu). This was shown through him citing history of minority accomplishments (americanhistory.edu; Woodson, 2018). To continue with this the first African American who obtained his PhD, felt racism was prevalent in our society, and said that racism was like walking between the color line in his work soul of black folks (Givens, 2023; Dubios, 2018). This was later used in Jarvis Givens book school clothes as black individuals having a veil (Givens, 2023). Both authors simply are saying that racism exists, and that minorities and discriminated groups are more likely to see it (Givens, 2023). Individuals throughout history argued racism was prevalent which even sparked debate between fellow African American scholars, such as the debate that happened between WEB Dubois and Booker T Washington (exhibitions.edu). WEB was also responsible for the creation of the NAACP, which spoke out about racism frequently (Berliner & Hermans, 2022; Givens, 2023). (I don’t know how well it is used today lol). 

My opponent mentioned that my names data may be flawed, because names are cultural. I would agree, but culture would match with race in many instances, which does make this usable. In stats, there is always some error, but researchers often choose error rates in there given model (Field, 2018). As long as it fits in a reasonable way, it still makes since to use, because there is always a form of error in anything we do (Field, 2018). Examples of this may be researchers using confidence intervals of 95%, which still accounts for most scenarios (Field, 2018). My opponent mentions that hiring managers may hire individuals who are more qualified. I do feel that I have addressed this throughout the debate, through unequal hiring with similar credentials, so I will move to additional argumentations. Researchers actually note that there is a benefit to hiring a more diverse staff, so if hiring managers just hired way more white people, it would actually hurt them in many instances (Fitzpatrick, 2010). In specific areas, we see that there is a benefit to having minorities in certain areas in businesses, programs, and research due to them possibly having a different outlook on things, especially when it involves race (Fitzpatrick, 2010). Teaching, there is a pedagogy that helps minorities more, which would also mean that minority workers would know how to use it better (Given, 2023). Research jobs and jobs that implement programs are important due to individuals needing to understand different population groups being studied, or in a business setting communicate with other minorities that may be there (Fitzpatrick, 2010). Hiring a diverse group only stands to benefit business, so the difference in hiring data wouldn’t make since. Especially when viewing my data if there wasn’t a racial component. 

To end my argument I will analyze my opponents final claim which is that there is favoritism based on numerous factors outside of race which I would agree with. I will note that I did provide a decent amount of data, which shows a lot based on numerous different circumstances when viewing DEI, Hiring data, Hate crime, Police brutality, School choice, and Prison factors. I will end by citing historians, such as Givens and Woodson who show how behaviors that were in the past mirror today. Givens and WEB Dubois often called racism like having a vale or walking between the color line (Givens, 2023; Dubois, 2016). This simply means that minorities are more likely to see and understand it due to them being the ones who experience it. Woodson himself saw this phenomenon of favoritism by race which I presented from his historical perspective (Woodson, 2018). Woodson in his book the mis-information of the negro mentioned that there was favoritism in the workplace, which is shown in history to continue to happen today (Woodson, 2018). His mention was that some minorities would be able to work with black people, and that was unavoidable, but white people would still find a way to be in control (Woodson, 2018). WEB Dubois and Booker T Washington saw the phenomenon of racism through various factors including working, in history, and during there daily lives, which actually sparked a giant debate on how minorities move forward (exhibitions.edu). Regardless of this interesting history fact, the point is this was shown throughout time during history and throughout research presented in how this affected individuals by race (I think I have cited the data mentioned in previous replies a decent amount and I don’t want to beat a dead horse lol). My point in this long ending reply is, if individuals who lived during times racism was even more prevalent than today list actions we see today as racist, why wouldn’t we believe them? Anyway I look forward to your reply and I will be sad this is ending (All great things come to an end lol)

Fitzpatrick, J., Sanders, J., & Worthen, B. (2010). Program evaluation: Alternative approaches and practical guidelines (4th ed.). Pearson.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Frels,R. (2016). Seven steps to a comprehensive literature review. Sage

Ritter, G., Jensen, N., Kisida, B., & McGee, J. (2009, November 30). A closer look at charter schools and segregation: Flawed comparisons lead to overstated conclusions. Education Next. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ910564

Du Bois, W. E. B. (2016). The souls of Black Folk. African American Classic Publications.

Frankenberg, E., Siegel-Hawley, G.,& Wang, J. (2011). Choice without equity:  charter schoolsegregation. Education PolicyAnalysis Archives, 19, 1. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n1.2011

Dhanani, L. Y., Arena, D. F., & Bogart, S. M. (2024). The unequal burden of dei bans. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 17(4), 503–506. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2024.44