In an anarchist society, how would the code of conduct and the rule of law be enforced?
In an anarcho-capitalist society, laws would be subject to mechanisms of a free-market. Dispute Resolution Organizations would operate in the private sector.
How would the society defend itself from foreign invasion?
Private contractors or private armies.
Do you think that anarchy would hinder progress and development, making the society vulnerable to more advanced and organized countries that might have religious motives to destroy it?
No.
How would anarchy deal with the problems of violence, crime, and injustice, without any law enforcement or judicial system?
Dispute Resolution Organizations can handle tort and mediate disputes among individual parties; wrongful acts can also make one subject to Outlawry.
How would anarchy ensure the protection of human rights, such as freedom, equality, and dignity, without any legal or moral framework?
Why do you assume there's no moral framework?
How would anarchy foster cooperation, trust, and solidarity among people, without any common values or norms?
The free market will bring together consumers, whether it be of values or norms, and a free flowing price system will dictate where said individuals intend to dedicate their time, labor, and resources.
How would anarchy promote social progress, innovation, and development, without any education, science, or technology?
Why do you assume there's no education, science, or technology? Are you under the impression that government is solely responsible for the aforementioned?
How would anarchy cope with the challenges of diversity, complexity, and interdependence in the modern world, without any communication, coordination, or integration?
Nothing about anarchy suggests individuals can't communicate, coordinate, or even integrate. As long as it's voluntary, it should meet the stipulations, for lack of a better term, of an anarchist/anarcho-capitalist environment.