Symbolism of the Golden Calf

The cow represented the open, public display of sexual behavior. Following your animal instincts, your ego.
When Moses came down from the mountain and saw the Israelites “worshiping the golden calf” they were acting like the symbol of the bull. A bull does whatever it wants to in public without shame. It shows sexual emotion in public with no shame. The Israelites were acting like cattle.
To worship means to practice being like what you are worshiping until you become like it. If you practice it you’ll become it. When you have your children practice teaching others they become what they teach (have learned). When you select a book for your child think about what they are “practicing” or learning for they are “practicing” what they will become.
Ask yourself the question, “What will they become when they are finished with it (book, movie, show, art work, friends, etc.)?

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The Hindus 

Why wouldn't the book just say "When Moses came down from the mountain, all of his people were engaged in sexual congress." Why put the calf in the mix, like how are readers in reality supposed to connect the "worship of a golden calf" to "sex orgy?"

Its because the orgy was only a symptom of the real crime which was to abandon the worship of yhwh, replacing it with bull worship.   Bull worship involved idolatry of a golden calf and acting ouit the bulls sexual function and nature.  It was the apostasy, not the sex, that upset Moses.

 

The golden calf is probably a representation of the age of taurus.