The question is: are pardons legitimate if they were signed by autopen?
What if the president was out of the country when the documents were signed in DC via autopen?
What about legislation? Does the public have a right to demand presidents must physically have the document in front of them for examination as they sign it?
Is the inability to physically sign documents grounds for removal under the 25th amendment?
What is the legal procedure? How do we know the president activated the autopen?
1. I say, no. How do we know with an autopen if the president, or someone else, activated the autosign?
2. If signed by autopen, regardless of the president's whereabouts, even if in the White House, actionable documents like billls, pardons, and even EOs, need to be personally signed.
3. Yes, as in 2, above
4. Yes, since the president is an executive officer; in effect, the CEO, his inability to read, comprehend, and sign actionable documents as noted in 2, above, any disability to do so should cause a launch of the 25A by the VP or Cabinet. In both cases, those people have been derelict, themselves, the last 4 years. I find it curious that in the last 50 years, since launch of the 25A, Congress has not acted to include itself in raking action on the 25A, when the suggestion is in it for Congress.
5. I don't know the official autopen procedure, but I found the following:
"The state of the law surrounding proxy signatures has remained amazingly constant through both English and American history. The proxy and the principal [in this case, the autopen and the president] must be present together when a proxy signature is utilized for a high-value transaction. This was the rock-solid law when the constitution was written."
If that is still the law, why didn't Biden just sign the bloody papers, himself? I go to #4 above for disability. An aurtopen [proxy] signature can always be identified by observing multiple documents. They will be identical signatures, whereas it is known that personal signatures vary from signing to signing. It is impossible to personally scribe identical signatures. Close, but identifiably different.