Abstract: Protection of forests because of their associationwith religious traditions is a worldwide phenomenon. Thesesacred forests play a key role in maintaining ecosystem services in regions affected by land system change. In the northern highlands of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Orthodox TewahidoChurch controls the majority of the surviving native forest.However, the reasons why communities value the forestsand the ways they use and manage them are not well understood. We use data and analysis from an interdisciplinary project and ethnographic research, in particular, to explain howEthiopian church forests function. Church forests represent anunusual form of community-based protection that integrateslocally controlled common property with external institutionalarrangements: this hybrid system is highly effective atprotecting the forest while maintaining cultural practices.Our results inform theoretical debates about models of tropicalforest protection and question assumptions about church forests being the product of a nature conservation imperative.